Caplans - Changing the Face of Work and Stress Issues
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Thirty years ago, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published a technical report on what has become one of the most well-known studies of job demands, stress, and health. This study, which was conducted under contract by investigators from the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research (Caplan, Cobb, French, Van Harrison, & Pinneau, 1975), made several important contributions to the field of job stress. It provided the first comparative analysis of psychological job demands and health across multiple occupations.
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It also provided an initial test of the person-environment fit theory of job stress. Perhaps of greatest importance, however, was that the study defined an array of what have been subsequently referred to as workplace psychosocial factors, which influenced future investigation and understanding of job-stress risk factors. Included among these factors are now-familiar constructs such as job complexity; workload and workload variability; opportunity for skill utilization; social support from work peers, supervisors, and family; role clarity; and so on.
This taxonomy of psychosocial factors has been extensively incorporated in subsequent stress research and theory (e.g., Hurrell & Murphy, 1992), and there is still concerted study of such factors as work roles, social support, and so on in the etiology of job stress. However, in the 35-30 years since the seminal research by the Institute for Social Research, there have been important theoretical developments that have influenced the way risk factors for job stress are conceptualized.
For example, as illustrated in Robert Rosen's Foreword to this volume, there is an increasing focus on more global aspects of organizational design and function (e.g., organizational climate) as determinants of worker well-being. Additionally, there have been dramatic changes in the structure of work, such as the emergence of the service sector, that have brought new types of stressors to bear on the workforce. The purpose of this volume is to highlight developments in both of these areas (i.e., in the way we look at risk factors for job stress conceptually and in the nature of stressors confronting today's workforce).
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